Identity Theft Smash & Grab, CEO Style
Tens of thousands of corporate executives were the target of a series of identity-theft scams this week, e-mail-borne schemes that appear to have netted close to 2,000 victims so far.
Early Monday morning, according to two security experts with firsthand knowledge of the attacks, nearly 20,000 executives received an e-mail purporting to be a subpoena ordering each recipient to appear in court for legal violations leveled against their company. The messages addressed each executive by name, and included their phone number and the name of their company.
Recipients who clicked the link were brought to a Web page that claimed they needed to install a Web browser add-on in order to view the subpoena. Those who agreed were shown an Adobe PDF document that referenced a lawsuit filed in a California district court.
The "add-on" in question was a component designed to steal usernames and passwords when the victim subsequently visited an online bank site or other page that requires those credentials (the malicious add-on only installed for users visiting the site with Microsoft's Internet Explorer Web browser). Approximately half of the recipients of the e-mail messages were executives at major financial institutions.
These types of targeted attacks are hardly uncommon, as cyber crime has grown more sophisticated and criminals more successful in stealing money from average home Internet users and businesses. But what distinguishes this week's attacks is that they have been hugely successful even though the methods employed by the cyber criminals directing them rank near the bottom of the scale in terms of sophistication and stealth.
According to Matt Richard, director of rapid response for iDefense (a unit of Verisign Inc. that works closely with financial institutions to limit losses from cyber fraud), the thieves behind this scam clearly hoped that victims would log into their bank accounts after infecting their systems with the malicious add-on. If they did, Richard said, the thieves would be able to snatch those banking credentials and quickly try to access the victim's bank account and siphon off as much money as possible.
Richard said the group responsible for this attack is based in Romania and is thought to have masterminded nearly two dozen similar attacks over the past year that netted the group millions of dollars. The same group is thought to be responsible for stealing $188,000 from a single victim in a similar attack featured as a case study in a confidential report from the Federal Deposit Security Corporation that Security Fix reported on in February.
These particular Romania-based scammers favor surprise over stealth, Richard said. The e-mail Trojan horse embedded in the fake federal case record consists of cut-and-paste type exploits that probably should be routinely detected by most anti-virus products, but for whatever reason in this case were not. Only eight of some 35 anti-virus products on the market today detected the code sent in the e-mails as malicious, and noticeably absent from the list of those who did detect it were the major anti-virus vendors -- including McAfee, Symantec and Trend Micro (Richard said Microsoft's anti-virus solution is almost alone in consistently detecting this group's malware).
"These guys figure their attack -- from infection to stealing the money -- has to happen quickly, all in one day," Richard said. "The code they're using is as simple as Windows Programming for Internet Explorer 101. They don't send the stolen money all to one place, but distribute it around and use different methods, different accounts, so [the transactions] can't be easily canceled out."
"All around, they do a good job of risk management and keeping costs low," he said. "So, you could could say these guys are more like business-degree malware guys than they are computer science malware guys, sort of your MBAs of the criminal hacking scene."
John Bambenek, an incident handler with the SANS Internet Storm Center, said in this case those who didn't click on the e-mailed link to the malicious Web site may have been saved by poor English and a lack of understanding about how most legal documents are served in the United States.
"In this case, we were saved by the fact that the attackers have a poor knowledge of the U.S. legal system and an even worse grasp of the English language. However, the targeting of CEOs specifically and the information they are trying to take should give us pause. The bad guys are continuing to attack the weakest link in the security chain -- the end-user. While we're busy talking about malware, signatures and intrusion detection, users keep doing stupid things to get themselves owned."
Beyond the ability to siphon funds from corporate executives, the crooks in these scams can recycle the data they've stolen, selling it to identity thieves who want to establish lines of credit in the victim executive's name, or to governments seeking to conduct economic espionage, Richard said.
"That's the real long term danger here, because in each attack they get between 200 and a thousand victims, and all of [the victims] have some level of access to corporate data," Richard said. "How the crooks are going to use it and what they're going to do with it is the big danger."
By Brian Krebs |
April 15, 2008; 10:44 PM ET
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Posted by: DOUGman | April 16, 2008 1:33 AM
Well, looks like we're back to morse code and smoke signals after all that...the Internets sure was fun, though!
Posted by: Bert | April 16, 2008 5:10 AM
Another case of -- to paraphrase an old Dial soap ad -- "Aren't you glad you use Linux and Firefox? Don't you wish everyone did?" :)
Posted by: Robin 'Roblimo' Miller | April 16, 2008 6:35 AM
The rule is simple: nothing important in the legal sense ever happens by e-mail. That is, if your bank, the IRS, a legal entity or whatever has something important to say to you, they'll use snail mail, unless of course you have established the e-mail relationship beforehand.
Since few corporate executives are the first to review their e-mail -- that's normally handled by an assistant -- I can see how this particular approach can succeed.
But remember the rule: if you do not know the sender personally, you can disregard even the most frightening-sounding message.
Posted by: Beck Childs | April 16, 2008 8:29 AM
Are these CEOs really stupid enough to believe that subpoenas are served via email?
What is the salary for those jobs. I PROMISE I'm smarter than that!
Posted by: Woody Smith | April 16, 2008 9:00 AM
Is there some secret this guy is trying to protect? Why not have a link to a chart (OR ANYTHING) that lists all of the antivirus software that was tested. You mention 35 - what were they? You mention 8 detected the malicious code. What were they? What is the purpose of this article? Is it to mention that Microsoft alone detected the malicious code? You are suggest/implying that Microsoft's antivirus solution is the best? It is not clear. Are you reporting that there are hackers out there trying to "phish" their way into our bank accounts?
Posted by: Eric | April 16, 2008 10:12 AM
Actually folks, today filings in the federal court system are frequently performed by e-mail.
BUT SERVICE OF PROCESS IS ++++ N E V E R ++++ PERFORMED BY E-MAIL !!!
As a general rule, to obtain PERSONAL JURISDICTION over an individual, one must be personally served with legal process by either a US Marshal, a Sheriff, or a private process server [unless you sign for certified or registered mail.]
Many jurisdictions have provisions allowing for service of process by leaving the papers with someone of 'suitable age and discretion' at a family residence, i.e., an adult.
What are known as 'long arm statutes' allow for personal service of process outside of a state jurisdiction peoviding that 'significant contacts' have existed within the state serving the papers.
In rem jurisdiction allows for service to be effected against ASSETS within a particular state, even if the owner is not available for service within that state,i.e., vacation homes, etc.
WHEREVER A QUESTION OF SERVICE OF A SUBPONEA OR COURT PAPERS BECOMES AN ISSUE, SEEK IMMEDIATE LEGAL COUNSEL FROM A MEMBER OF THE BAR OF THAT JURISDICTION, or from a corporate counsel office if for your company elsewhere.
Posted by: brucerealtor | April 16, 2008 10:21 AM
@ Woody Smith:
Yes, they are. I write web based applications for internal use where I work. The stupidity of user questions and problems using my apps increases in direct proportion to the users salary and rank in the organization.
Posted by: BP | April 16, 2008 11:22 AM
"Aren't you glad you use Linux and Firefox? Don't you wish everyone did?"
The platform or browser is trivial here. The bad guys could have designed a malicious add-on for Firefox instead of Internet Explorer.
The real problem here is social engineering. As explicitly stated in the post:
"The bad guys are continuing to attack the weakest link in the security chain -- the end-user. While we're busy talking about malware, signatures and intrusion detection, users keep doing stupid things to get themselves owned."
Posted by: TJ | April 16, 2008 1:11 PM
>>>>>The platform or browser is trivial here. The bad guys could have designed a malicious add-on for Firefox instead of Internet Explorer.<<<<<
Blah........
read up some more on platform and browser security.
Posted by: mj | April 16, 2008 1:25 PM
>>>>>The platform or browser is trivial here. The bad guys could have designed a malicious add-on for Firefox instead of Internet Explorer.<<<<<
Agreed, this would work in virtually any setting (OS X, Win32, *Nix) so long as a user can be convinced to click on arbitrary links and arbitrary installers. Not looking to start a flame war but virtually all platforms offer a method for users to install usermode applications from the Internet including browser plug-ins. Those that don't are no longer much fun.
Posted by: MR | April 16, 2008 1:45 PM
How about we just isolate East Europe, Russia and China from the internet until they start cracking down on these guys?
Posted by: Nick | April 16, 2008 1:56 PM
>
40% of the phishing attacks come from US. Also, most of the stupid users are also in US. Aren't you, Nick? :)
Posted by: Chris | April 16, 2008 2:41 PM
Nick wrote: "How about we just isolate East Europe, Russia and China from the internet until they start cracking down on these guys?"
Because, unfortunately, the U.S. is just as guilty of hosting and publishing malicious sites and software, respectively. I believe that this paper has already published a news story on that subject within the past 6 - 12 months.
Continued education on malware and social engineering-class attacks is truly the way to go. Those execs who don't get clued into the fact that they are a vulnerability will either get booted OR their organizations will get so hardily blacklisted by consumers tired of their $$ and identities being abused that they'll walk to the business across the street.
Posted by: C.B. | April 16, 2008 2:44 PM
Seems like the need for a server-based solution for Anti-virus is becoming pronounced. I don't know why all ISPs cannot install these server-based products that can block viruses before it ever reaches the weakest link - the consumer... The ISPs have industrial strength spam blockers, why not virus blockers.. Maybe McAfee and Symantec is paying them off to not install those products..
Also, I'm not sure how money can be transferred out of an account. maybe they can create a vendor and pay a bill (?). As far as I know, this process takes some time at least to setup a vendor. Unless I don't know some feature available on these sites
Posted by: Hari Swaminathan | April 16, 2008 3:57 PM
@Hari
Many ISP's are scanning for malware as well as using spam filters. The same is being done in many businesses on multiple levels via gateway appliances and on e-mail servers themselves, not to mention desktop AV protections on individual computers. Problem is not that major AV vendors are colluding to allow bad stuff to pass, but that they are behind the curve in keeping up with the bad guys in detecting new types of malware. Signature based detection is failing (see link below). Instead they need to evolve to behavior based detection. Overall, it's an inexact science and a constant cat/mouse game.
And as discussed in the following link, the key is a layered defense and as already mentioned here, part of that defense involves the weakest link via educating the end-user on secure computing practices. It is human nature to be too trusting and curious to the point of self detriment. It takes education, a healthy practice of cynicism, and forcing oneself out of lazy habits to counteract these traits. Similar principles are evident in physical security.
http://blog.washingtonpost.com/securityfix/2008/03/dont_depend_on_your_antivirus.html
Posted by: TJ | April 16, 2008 5:30 PM
Bruce,
I hate to be the annoying guy that points out the exception to the rule. But Rio Properties, Inc. v. Rio International Interlink, Inc. (284 F.3d 1007), the 9th Cir actually did allow service of process via email. But it was a really weird set of circumstances where all the usual methods of service you described failed (something about an offshore internet gambling company).
But yeah, otherwise nobody will ever be served by email.
Posted by: ugh | April 16, 2008 7:54 PM
@Hari, If I click the link.... Are you in Romania? Remember people, always vigilant.
Posted by: | April 17, 2008 8:09 AM
I was on here a few weeks ago to make the point that paying for AV software is a waste of money. Commercial AV manufacturers are scam artists just like the producers of the emails AV is supposed to protect us from.
When the big players can't handle the basics, why do should people pay for them?
Dump IE, go with safari, or just dump the whole IE platform and go mac. Either way, commercial AV has no credibility - go with the freeware and your own common sense.
Posted by: shredsmaster | April 17, 2008 9:43 AM
What fascinates me about this story is that the scam e-mail "addressed each executive by name, and included their phone number and the name of their company" -- a classic way of making an e-mail look legit. And, which I have relied on, frankly.
I *assume* that the scammers had this detailed information from having earlier hacked various users' address books. Is this more likely to be the case if people use Outlook? I can understand wanting to have a unified address book, but I wonder if Outlook (which I don't use) could be built to segregate/protect everything but the e-mail address?
Posted by: igorok | April 17, 2008 12:30 PM
"...crooks in these scams"? Come on! After all of the scams, the fraud, outsourced jobs, looted retirement accounts, after all of the ahrm to this country done by that collection of sociopaths that compose CEO's (and corporate board members, corporate offiers, and Wall Street and Chicago "traitors"), you call someone who harms them "crooks"? For most of us, they are HERO'S!!!! The average Amercian views these snakes as the crooks that got us into the current economic mess. They and their friends are responsible for locking people into everything from cell phone contracts that secretly keep renewing to theft of medical records using any of a number of holes in the bogus federal and state "privacy" laws, they fire older workers and displace them with cheap guest workers from India and China, they sell our most secret military technology to China, and on and on. Anything whatsoever done to them amounts to just desserts!
Posted by: mibrooks27 | April 17, 2008 12:33 PM
Brilliant! Like to old Robin Hood joke about why he robs from the rich - they are the one's with money! And the targets here are probably the least sophisticated online users.
Maybe these guys can tap into some of that ridiculous pay these guys get!
Posted by: Jim | April 17, 2008 2:00 PM
The original [circa 1983] and true definition of "phishing" [often preceded by the word "gone"] referred to the act of going to a Phish concert, or series of Phish concerts.
Long live Trey, Mike, Page and Jon!
Posted by: creativewes | April 17, 2008 2:24 PM
That fact that the execs were willing download this add-on, indicates that they thought they might be guilty of something...
Posted by: Jon | April 17, 2008 3:34 PM
Is this 'Federal Deposit Security Corporation' perhaps intended to be FDIC? Security and Insurance, as I am sure you'll agree, are different :^)
Posted by: Christo | April 17, 2008 10:28 PM
I'm with the first poster:
What were the 8 AV products that caught this??
Posted by: Erikh | April 18, 2008 10:23 AM
Re: The 8 AV products.
I have been searching and looking all over the Net and can not find it. Brian, please share what you know, thanks.
D.
Posted by: DOUGman | April 18, 2008 12:42 PM
Why doesn't anyone use ICONIX to prevent phishers and scammers like this?
www.iconix.com
Posted by: D Berry | April 28, 2008 1:22 PM
This spear-phishing attack was a classic example of Blended Threats that the users are faced with in the current hostile internet world. An attack like this could have been stopped at the internet gateway. Preventing such an attack would have required 3 different threat prevention technologies.
Preventing the email from getting to the victims was the job of the Anti-Spam software. Preventing the victims from visiting a fraudulent website would be the job of the content filter. Lastly a good anti-virus solution could have prevented the malware plug-in from being downloaded onto the victim's pc.
For a network administrator it is a formidable task to configure all 3 solutions to work in sync to prevent such threats, not to mention paying for 3 different solutions. Unified Threat Management solutions like Cyberoam (http://www.cyberoam.com) are your best bet against such threats as they provide you with the right synergy of Anti-Spam, Anti-Virus, Content-Filtering and IDP, ALL in ONE BOX.
What say you?
Posted by: Gaurav | May 4, 2008 4:11 PM
there is the professional world of warcraft power leveling here. welcome.
Posted by: jimelyyes | May 8, 2008 10:21 PM
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What were the 8 AV products that caught this?